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Protecting Public Health
www.ProtectingPublicHealth.com

Protecting Public Health from:

Genetically Modified Organisms - also known as "Frankenfood"

and

Sewage Sludge

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What is "Sewage Sludge?"

Some would have the public believe that sewage sludge, also known as "biosolids," is recycled "domestic waste." The latest is the E.P.A. is allowing "sewage sludge" to be renamed "compost" in an effort to fool the public about the toxic nature of sewage sludge.

The fact is, sewage sludge is defined by Harper-Collins Dictionary of Environmental Science as "a semi-solid mixture of bacteria, virus-laden organic matter, toxic metals, synthetic organic chemicals, and settled solids removed from domestic and industrial waste at sewage treatment plants."

It gets worse, current federal regulations allow every business to dump 33 pounds of hazardous waste into public sewers every month without reporting or scrutiny.

No wonder that the Federal Clean Water Act classifies sewage sludge as a pollutant.

The EPA is charged with protecting the environment, but when it comes to sewage sludge, the E.P.A. seems to be making exceptions to its' own laws and regulations, and looks the other way.

What is a Genetically Modified Organism?

Genetically Modified Organisms, also referred to as GMO or "Frankenfood" are genetically modified or genetically "engineered" foods and crops that are a growing concern and a hot debate topic for many people concerned about food safety.  The government's "official" definitions, concerns, warnings, health and environmental hazards of genetically modified organisms follows.

Although "biotechnology" and "genetic modification" commonly are used interchangeably, GM is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic makeup of organisms such as animals, plants, or bacteria. Biotechnology, a more general term, refers to using organisms or their components, such as enzymes, to make products that include wine, cheese, beer, and yogurt.

Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology, and the resulting organism is said to be "genetically modified," "genetically engineered," or "transgenic." GM products (current or those in development) include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds, and fibers.

Locating genes for important traits—such as those conferring insect resistance or desired nutrients—is one of the most limiting steps in the process. However, genome sequencing and discovery programs for hundreds of organisms are generating detailed maps along with data-analyzing technologies to understand and use them.

In 2006, 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries by 10.3 million farmers. The majority of these crops were herbicide- and insect-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and alfalfa. Other crops grown commercially or field-tested are a sweet potato resistant to a virus that could decimate most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries, and a variety of plants able to survive weather extremes.

On the horizon are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as hepatitis B; fish that mature more quickly; cows that are resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease); fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties.

In 2006, countries that grew 97% of the global transgenic crops were the United States (53%), Argentina (17%), Brazil (11%), Canada (6%), India (4%), China (3%), Paraguay (2%) and South Africa (1%). Although growth is expected to plateau in industrialized nations, it is increasing in developing countries. The next decade will see exponential progress in GM product development as researchers gain increasing and unprecedented access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects.

Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for meeting some of the 21st Century's greatest challenges. Like all new technologies, they also pose some risks, both known and unknown. Controversies surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety, labeling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction, and environmental conservation (see GM Products: Benefits and Controversies, below).

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) 
Products: Benefits and Controversies

Benefits of Genetically Modified Organisms (according to the 

• Crops:
  

  • Enhanced taste and quality of food

  • Reduced maturation time of crops

  • Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance of food crops

  • Improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides

  • New products and growing techniques
    

• Animals:
  

  • Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency

  • Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk

  • Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
    

• Environment:
  

  • "Friendly" bio-herbicides and bio-insecticides

  • Conservation of soil, water, and energy

  • Bio-processing for forestry products

  • Better natural waste management

  • More efficient processing
    

• Society:
  

  • Increased food security for growing populations

Controversies:

• Safety
  

  • Potential human health impacts, including allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects

  • Potential environmental impacts, including: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
    

• Access and Intellectual Property
  

  • Domination of world food production by a few companies

  • Increasing dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries

  • Biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural resources
    

• Ethics
  

  • Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values

  • Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species

  • Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa

  • Stress for animal
    

• Labeling
  

  • Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)

  • Mixing GM crops with non-GM products confounds labeling attempts
    

• Society
  

  • New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries

Some of the above information from the U.S. Department of Energy's Genome Programs - more information at: http://genomics.energy.gov

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